Why Drugs Are Used

Why Drugs Are UsedTreatment of an infection is necessary only when the type or severity of symptoms shows that the immune system has not overcome the infection.Bacterial infection can be treated with antibiotic or anti­bacterial drugs. Some of these drugs kill the infecting bacteria; others simply prevent them from multiplying.Unnecessary use of antibiotics may result in the development of resistant bacteria.Some antibiotics can be used to treat a broad range of infections, while others are effective against particular types of bacteria or in a certain part of the body. Antibiotics are most commonly given by mouth, or by injection in severe infections, but they may be applied topically for a local action.Anti-viral drugs are used for severe viral infections that threaten body organs or survival....

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PREMATURITY

CAUSE AND PREVENTION OF PREMATURITYThe incidents of prematurity are increasing day by day, throughout the world. Although for the most part the cause is unknown, there are a few obvious reasons for prematurityINFANT VOMITINGCervical incompetenceThis probably is the only condition which is avoidable. But, until it has occurred once, there is no way of predicting and so preventing it. In this, the cervix is too weak to stay closed for the duration, generally giving way in the latter weeks of the second trimester. The incidence is higher in women who have had abortions.Multiple pregnanciesWomen who are carrying two or more babies are predisposed to premature birth, commonly occurring between 30 and 34 weeks.Foetal abnormalityNAPPY RUSHIf an abnormality is detected by screening methods, such as...

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Prevention of pre-term birth

Where the reason is unknown, generally nothing can be done to prevent the start of premature labour. However, sometimes it can be halted if the baby is considered too young to survive.If cervical incompetence caused a pre-term birth previously, a second may be avoided by the insertion of a cervical stitch at about 14 weeks gestation, to be removed a couple of weeks before expected delivery date or when labour starts, whichever happens first.Drugs can be given to lower blood pressure, obviating the need for induction. However, once labour has started, intervention is usually not undertaken.If premature labour begins for no apparent reason, a woman will be admitted to hospital where drugs may be administered to stop contraction temporarily. During this respite, the mother will be treated with...

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BABY MASSAGE AND BATHING

Massage is a marvelous way to enhance the natural bonding between the mother and the new born baby as touch is a natural way to establish contact between both. All babies instantly respond to cuddling and caressing. You must have noticed how a baby tightly curls its hands and feet when touched. In the case of babies, no essential oil is used, but only light vegetable oil, like sweet almond, sunflower and baby oil or olive oil, are used.Advantages and significant points about massageUnless Okayed by an aroma-therapist, no essential oil should be added to massage oil.Do not expose the baby’s tender skin to strong or biting cold, cold winds and snow fall.Warm your hands before the massage. It is still better if oil is also slightly warmed.Gently stroke baby’s tender body and do not exert any...

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Frontal massage of the baby

· Gently and slowly apply a little oil on the front of the body, from shoulder to feet, but avoid the face. Now lightly stroke down the chest and abdomen using the tips of your fingers. By your light and delightful strokes, you can calm your baby’s body at any time. Remember, the touch of hands on the body will cheer up the baby and will show her happiness through gentle laughter of innocent smiles. Let the legs be kept in a straight line but if she curls them up, let her do so. It is a sign that she is enjoying the movements. Keep the pressure very light. Move both your hands smoothly in circular strokes over the abdomen, working up the baby’s right side across and down the left side. Keep your movements continuous by lifting your left hand when your arms across. Now repeat such circular...

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Baby massage Left side

Left side· If your baby lets you, gently stretch out both the arms to the sides, spreading hands and fingers. Then gently squeeze out along the arms and, with light and circular thumb movements massage the palms and wrist before you finish your movements, do not forget to stretch out each finger with a light pull.Now move on to legs and feet, but work out only on and leg at a time. Supporting baby’s leg with both your hands, gently squeeze and release the fleshy part of his thigh. Thereafter, support the leg with one hand and stroke the leg, from knee to the thigh and back down aga...

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Babay massage Right side

Right side· Now move your supporting hand behind the ankle. Then gently smooth palm of your hand over top of baby’s foot—that is from toe to ankle and back again. As you reach the toes, stretch each toe very gently, without exerting any force/pressure. The same step should be repeated 4-5 times on the baby’s other leg al...

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Baby’s back side massage

· Now turn the baby over onto the front. Then start to stroke her entire back side so that applied oil is evenly distributed to the whole of the back side. After applying the oil evenly over her back side, work up your strokes around baby’s side also and then up the legs, back and over the arms. If you massage her back side, as suggested. It will have a very calming impact on the baby’s spinal nerves, because soothing effect always cheers the baby up· To stimulate the blood circulation, gently knead and squeeze the buttocks. For this you should make a loose fist and rotate over the baby’s buttocks in circular movements.Now gently stroke up one side of the back to the shoulders and down again. Repeat the suggested movements on the other side of the back also.Now bring both your...

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BABY’S CRY AND SLEEP

Sleep problem are the most common and disturbing in a baby’s first year of life. The overtired baby or infant can be almost impossible to manage in the daytime and the frequent waker at night can put a strain on family relationships.There are two types of sleep: Active and Passive. Active sleep is associated with body movements, muscle jerking eye movements and dreaming. Contrastingly, passive sleep is deep and restful, without body movement or dreams.These two types of sleep occur together in cycle which last about 50 minutes at birth 75 minutes by 4 years of age. This is the reason so many babies wake or becomes very restless an hour after being put to bed.The new born sleeps about 17 to 20 hours a day. The sleep periods usually don’t last more than five hours and wakeful period not more...

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Bathing the baby

Bath time gives your baby the opportunity to enjoy herself by kicking and splashing in the water. It should be happy time for mother and baby and if you are well prepared, it will be a relaxing time.Most babies are bathed every day but if you are rushing or you are still not very confident with your newborn baby, topping and tailing can done instead of daily bathing.To do this, wash the baby’s bottom from front to back with cotton wool. Swab her eyes. Make sure you use different cotton wool swabs for each eye otherwise infections can spread from one to the other. Topping and tailing is also part of the bathing routine.Some mother prefer to soap up their babies before placing them in the bath. When you place her in the bath cradle your arm and support her head on your forearm, use your free...

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Baby cry and sleep 4

By 4 months, hunger rarely dictates the day sleep patterns. By this time nearly all babies will wait for food; hunger will not produce screaming. But temper may add the noise factor.If a baby is over stimulated, overtired and unrelaxed she will fight being put down to sleep and will wake frequently. In the early months, a baby will not sleep unless she is fed sufficiently and then allowed to pass happily into sleep. Any pressure from the parents reflects on the baby; she will object, become sleepless and cry.By 6 to 8 weeks some babies required a play period after feeds before they will sleep. This required the parents to recognize the baby’s desire for sleep, which may not be an easy thing to do. When the baby is 3 or 4 months old, the afternoon sleep period will begin to shorten, for most...

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Baby cry and sleep 3

Prematurely born babies have unsettled sleep patterns compared to normal term babies and can take longer for them to adopt sleep patterns which are satisfactory to parents. You can indicate to your child when she should go to sleep but it is impossible to make him sleep unless he wants so.Tiredness and fatigue can build up to a situation of continued over-tiredness. All parents at some time experience the overtired baby who cannot be cuddled, who screams, who wont be soothed and wont feed. Tiredness can also be important in producing a colicky baby who cries continuously.The 9 month year old baby sleeps only one hour a day may be too over tired to stop her perpetual motion, which can become controllable.Constant crying and sleeplessness could also be caused by a physical disorder. Discomfort...

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BABY GROWTH PATTERN

FIRST MONTH:Can be breast-fed or bottle-fed, sleeps most of the time and weeps when hungry, has to pass urine/stools, keep first closed.SECOND MONTH:Smiles when looked up; can lie on stomach and raise neck also.THIRD MONTH: Smiles more and it looks very attractiveFOURTH MONTH:Turns head to the directions from where sound is coming; smiles when looked at or when called create noises.FIFTH MONTH:Tries to catch toys or colorful objects and is attracted by dark colours. Especially red, green, yellow and blue.SIXTH MONTH: starts cutting lower teeth(two), raises head from the pillow, laughs and smiles, is able to sit (but only when support is provided), can itself turns to another side and holds feeding bottle.SEVENTH MONTH:Tries to put all things into the mouth, watching and hears with great interest...

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Diet for the Child

Following suggestions are given simply as a guide to infantile diet but requirement of each infant/child are different, hence there is no need to firmly stick to the given pattern.1st Month: Only Milk can be given to the baby.2nd Month: Milk, a teaspoon of sweet lime/orange juice, or curd.3rd Month: Rice and curd, milk, soup of pulses, crushed banana, juice of pomegranate or apple. But do not mix up juices of two fruit, milk.4th and 5th Month: Wheat dishes cooked in dhal, green cooked vegetables can be given.6th Month: Thin gruel of khichri, kheer of sooji or saboodana. Milk 2-3 times.7th and 8th Month: Chapatti mashed in dal, soup of vegetables, curd, paneer , milkNOTEDuring summer give lemon juice, honey or sugar mixed water, to which some salt also may be added. You may also give lassi,...

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Height of infant

Height is generally dependent on standard of food, opportunity for mental and physical growth, physical activity or games. It is believed that height does not grow after 18-20 years. Generally, height must commensurate with weight and age. Hormonal secretions play a major role in containing or increasing of height. Following data will simply give a general view on height (From birth to 2nd year).Do not get anxious if your child does not measure up to the indications given above. Some children grow rapidly, while the others may grow gradually or in phas...

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Weight of a Child

Weight of a child decreases after birth but again starts increasing after 10-20 days, when weight again measures up to original weight(what was actual at the time of birth). A child gains about 28 grams (about one ounce) per day during the first three months. As a general rule, a child’s weight almost doubles between 5-6 months, but at the end of one year his weight is thrice the weight which was actually at his birth time. Weight gain is faster and quicker in male children than the female children. Weight of each child should be measured after every fortnight during the first 3 months and thereafter once in each month. Growth pattern and weight gain/loss depends on many mental, physical factors which vary from one child to another. Following table will give an average of weight.5% weight,...

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DENTAL DEVELOPMENT IN BABY

A common source of parental concern is regarding the teething of their child. They are worried as to when the child will cut her first tooth. As it is true with all types of development, there is no fixed or ideal time when the first tooth should erupt. In some children, it may erupt as 5 month, while in others, it may not erupt up to the age of 1 year. there is nothing wrong wit your child if her tooth doesn’t come out by 1 year. Most of the parents think that their child is deficient in calcium and/or vitamin-D, which may be true, but only in a few cases, in majority of cases, it is just a normal variant and hence no intervention is required.Parents also attribute a lot of things to teething. Every complaint at the time of teething is attributed to it. Thus if the child has fever, irritability,...

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COMPLICLATIONS DURING TEETHING

It is repeated that headache, fever and colic cause abnormal discomfort in the child, hence control these symptoms first. But if diarrhea also persists and frequency of stools passed is too great, give Electral power (ORS) dissolved in (boiled and then cooled down) water so that sodium-glucose-water levels stay within normal limits. As for Allopathic drugs to control diarrhea, consult a physician for proper medicine, dosage and frequency--- above all the side-effects--- which are many. If Electral power is not handy, mix 2 teaspoons of sugar, a pinch of salt in 1 liter of boiled and cooled water and feed to the infant as frequently as needed.Ayurvedic physicians recommend massage of honey and borax (Suhaga) powder---500 mg of suhaga to 2 tsp of honey. This compound, if given too quickly or...

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SOME COMMON COMPLICATIONS OF INFANTS

A mother should be fully conversant with some of the disorders, detailed hereunder and take preventive or corrective steps so that the disorders do not assume serious proportions.INFANT HICCOUGH/HICCUPSome children, through not all of them, develop hiccoughs after taking milk and it is natural and does not constitute a disease. But if hiccough last for longer span and continue unabated, it does exhaust the little one, especially when breathing gets interrupted; and in this condition a doctor must be consulted for medical advice. Generally such hiccups subside automatically after a few minutes when no treatment is called for. According to some experts, hiccough is a healthy sigh for a baby, and the same disappears if some lukewarm water is given to the infa...

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INFANT WEEPING

It is no disease but merely a pointer to some discomfort felt by the baby likePain in the stomachLocking up of wind in the abdomen and gurgling soundConstipationRedness and swelling of anus due to acidityWhen bladder is empty but had not been voidedFever or pain in the bodyNappy rashCold bed or exposure to cold or when his cloths get saturated with stool or urinePain in the earIn some cases the child may weep even without any visible and/ or apparent cause, but it is height of imprudence to attribute every weep of child as a demand for feeding. If a child draws up her legs and does not bear her abdomen to be touched with hand, even when mild pressure is applied abdomen which might bloat. Some children are relieved after the passage of wind. But colic pain generally disappears by the 3rd month.The...

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INFANT NASAL BLOCKADE AND COUGH

Blockade of either or both the nasal passage cause breathing problems, especially when the child has breathe through her mouth. If there is cough also, it will make even mouth-breathing difficult. If cough is stingy and tenacious, she won’t be able to cough up the sputum and, thus, feel choked. When all these problems combine the child feels gagged, suffocated and tired. To cure these complications, insert a drop of saline water in each nostril or use Nasivion paediatric nasal drop. Give 2.5 ml of Tyxylax syrup after an interval of 4-6 hours. Vicks vaporub or steam inhalation will facilitate passage of mucus by liquefying the phlegm. If the child vomits while coughing, exhausts and faint, the body turns blue, it points to whooping cough/bronchitis/broncho-pneumonia which all must be treated...

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VOMITING OF MILK BY INFANT

Almost all the infants vomit 2-3 spoon quantity of ingested milk and there is nothing unusual in it. Vomiting may be caused by feeding with milk in excess of the required quantity, putting pressure on his stomach, moving him to and fro or letting him lie on his stomach or keeping his head low. If such undesirable situation is not allowed to occur, no vomiting may occur. If the child has pain irritation in his throat and coughs frequently, even then he may vomit. If the child could belch, no such vomiting can occur. Uncurdled milk is simply a regurgitation and flows from side(s) of the mouth. But if there is yellow or greenish vomit, consult a doctor. But repeated and frequent vomiting is a serious complication which must be investigated by a specialist. In a few children, the pyloric orifice...

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INFANT’S NAPPY RUSH

The term applies to red skin which occurs due to the nappy being too tight or saturated with urine. Add some boric acid, (say 500 mg to half tumbler of water) to water and wash the skin and then dry up with a soft towel or cloth. You may apply some baby cream or Vaseline. In summer, the child often sweats a lot--- in that condition also do as is advised above. Never tie a wet nappy to the child, as it may cause itching, irritation and other skin diseas...

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INFANT’S SUMMER RASHES/ERUPTIONS

During summer, small pimples appear on face, neck, shoulders, skin folds which can be treated by keeping the child under moderate to cool temperature, with minimum clothes on body. Apply Johnson’s baby powder over the whole body, but make sure the powder does not fall into eyes, ears and nostrils. Do not use powder in excess as it may cause dryness to the skin, nor apply any other oil or ointment or cream. Simple hygiene and keeping the infant’s skin dry will keep away many skin probl...

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INFANT’S TRUSH

It is a fungus diseases which appears in the mouth of infants. There could be white spots inside the cheeks, on the tongue, gums or soft palate due to which the child has pain feels restless and gives up milk. It is caused by dirty and unwashed nipple and feedings bottle. Consult a paediatrician for treatment.It is a fungus diseases which appears in the mouth of infants. There could be white spots inside the cheeks, on the tongue, gums or soft palate due to which the child has pain feels restless and gives up milk. It is caused by dirty and unwashed nipple and feedings bottle. Consult a paediatrician for treatme...

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INFANT’S CRADLE CAP

Sometimes white, grayish or light brownish crust appears on the head which is known as cradle cap. Massage the head with baby oil or olive oil so as to soften the crust which will get removed when the child’s head is shampooed. If no relief is noticed, consult your doctor.Sometimes white, grayish or light brownish crust appears on the head which is known as cradle cap. Massage the head with baby oil or olive oil so as to soften the crust which will get removed when the child’s head is shampooed. If no relief is noticed, consult your doct...

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INFANT’S WATERING FROM EYES

A thin tube permeates from eyes to nose which, at the time of birth--- remains either blocked or undeveloped due to which water flows from one or both the eyes. This tube is known as ‘lachrymal’ or ‘tear duct’. Though there is no harm to vision it disturbs the child and her parents. Generally this duct opens of its own within 6-9 months. At time, infection may also be the cause when some mucus may appear, thus agglutinating the eyelids. Wash the eyes with lukewarm water and put a drop of soframycin eye drops (diluted) in each eye. It is better to consult a doctor to ensure if there is some other complication or n...

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SWELLING OF NIPPLES

Swelling can occur in both male and female children. Sometimes when nipples are pressed, some amount of milk also ooze out which is due to hormonal effect that the infant imbibes from the mother. There is nothing unusual or unnatural in it, as it disappears as the age advances.Swelling can occur in both male and female children. Sometimes when nipples are pressed, some amount of milk also ooze out which is due to hormonal effect that the infant imbibes from the mother. There is nothing unusual or unnatural in it, as it disappears as the age advances.Swelling can occur in both male and female children. Sometimes when nipples are pressed, some amount of milk also ooze out which is due to hormonal effect that the infant imbibes from the mother. There is nothing unusual or unnatural in it, as...

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SOME COMPLICATED INFANT DISORDERS

Here we have discussed those disorders which should be noticed by parents and should be treated properly by a physician.WHEEZINGWheezing is a sound created during respiration and is pointer to some infection or/and obstruction in the nasal passage, chest and lungs. There is a feeling of choking and dyspnoea (breathlessness), tightness of chest—especially on lying down, more so in the morning and at night, use nebulisers or nasal drops to clean the respiratory tract. In some cases antibiotics like Ampicillin, Amoxycilline etc may be required but dosage must be guided and determined by a doctor and never of your own.In any case, another attack should be warded off. Spasms may be caused while dusting, cleaning carpets, furniture’s, walls and floor, by odours arising from the kitchen, by gas leakage,...

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MARASMUS

This is a severe wasting disease of infant when the body weight falls below ¾th of that of expected age. The skin shrivels, the infant gives an aged look and looks much older, is apathetic and paled and body temperature remains much below normal.CausesWrong feeding and malnutritionProtein deficiencyRepeated vomiting and diarrheaMetabolic disordersSevere disease of heart, kidneys, lungs, or urinary passageSome chronic parasitic or bacterial diseaseLack of breast feed, arising due to maternal rejection of an infant or the child may herself refuse to take breast milk Actual treatment can be started only the underlying cause has been discerned or located, but, in all cases irrespective of the cause, start giving fluids and nourishment, apart from good nursing and care. If the disease continues...

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RICKETS

In this condition, a child’s bones do not harden and are ill/malformed due to deficiency of Vitamin-D that helps Calcium salts to get deposited in the bones so that the bones could become rigid. Lack of Calcium absorption results in softer bones which bend and gets deshaped. Renal rickets surfaces due to impaired rental function---the bones are malformed due to excretion of bone-forming minerals in the urine. If this condition occurs in adults, it is called Osteomyelitis. Best and cheapest source of Vitamin-D is sunshine which, if not available, may be compensated through related Vitamin. Consult a doctor about actual treatment, dosage, frequency and duration of medication. Mothers who are deprived of sunlight are also victims of these diseases (called Osteomyelit...

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POLIO OR INFANTILE PARALYSIS (Poliomyelitis)

This situation due to an infection virus (diseases) that affects the central nervous system. The virus is excreted in the fasces of an infected person, thus the disease is very common where there is extremely poor sanitation. But breakout of disease in epidemic form often occurs even where there are hygienic conditions, where people have not been immunized against the disease during infancy. Symptoms commence 7-12 days after infection but, in majority of cases paralysis may not occur. There should be no degree of confusion as to the type of paralysis which explained as follows:Abortive PoliomyelitisOnly intestines and throat are infected and general symptoms are influenza or stomach upset.Non-paralytic PoliomyelitisIn this type, symptoms are accompanied by stiffness of muscles—in particular,...

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PNEUMONIA/BRONCHO-PNEUMOIA/PNEUMONITIS

This disease is caused by bacteria due to which there is inflammation of the lung. Air sacs fill up with pus so that air is excluded and the kung becomes solid. The symptoms depend upon the amount of lung involved and the virulence of bacteria but most common symptom include pain in chest and cough, apart from that there are shadows in X-ray (of chest). Broncho-pneumonia is the commonest form which is quite a serious type. In lobar pneumonia, whole lobes of either or both the lungs are affected due to strains of streptococcus pneumonia but hypostatic pneumonia develops in dependent parts of the lung in those who are otherwise ill, chilled or immobilized.Whatever be the type of infection, no case should be handled by a layman due to its serious complication. These bacteria that cause pneumonia...

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DIPHTHEIA

It is an acute, highly contagious infection, caused by the bacteria coryne bacterium diphtheria, generally affecting the throat but occasionally other mucus membranes and the skin. The disease is spread by direct contact with a patient or a carrier or by contaminated food. After an incubation period sore throat, weakness, and mild fever develop. Later a soft grey membrane forms across the throat, constricting the air passage and causing difficulty in breathing and swallowing. A tracheostomy may be necessary. Bacteria multiply in that infected area and release a toxin into the blood stream, which damage heart and nerves. Death from heart failure or general collapse can follow within four days but disease, complete recovery required prolonged bed rest. An effective immunization programmer has...

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MEASLES (Rubella, morbilli)

It is said that measles appear at the infancy stage but, in some cases, it may surface in elderly people also. It is a highly infectious disease that tends to appear in epidemics every 2-3 years and mainly affect children.Progress of the disease is as followsAfter 7-14 days of incubation period, symptoms like cold, followed by a high fever develop, along with appearance of small red spots on the inner side of the mouth.On the 3rd to 5th day, a slightly elevated pink rash develops---first of all behind the ears, then on the face and other parts, and it lasts for 3-5 days.The patient continues to remain infectious throughout this period.In majority of cases symptoms disappear and subside but the patient becomes susceptible to infection of the middle ear and pneumonia.Complete recovery is generally...

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MUMPS (Infectious Parotids)

It is a common virus infection that affect children mainly between 5-15 years of age, through some adults have also been seen to be suffering from this infection but. It is quite a rare occurrence. Onset and progress of disease is as follows.· Symptom appears 2-3 weeks after the exposure.· Fever, headache, vomiting may be the fore running symptoms which might precede a typical swelling of the parotid salivary glands.· Gland on one side of the face, swells up days before the other but, at times, only one side gets affected.· Almost all the symptoms disappear within 3-5 days but the patient remains infectious until swelling has fully disappeared.· The infection may even spread to other salivary glands and from there to brain, testicles and pancreas.· ...

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MENINGITIS

Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges due to infection by bacteria or viruses which are responsible for TB, syphilis and/or pneumonia.SymptomsIntense headache and feverLoss of appetiteIntolerance to sound and lightRigidity of muscles---especially of the neckConvulsionIf meningitis is caused by bacteria, it can be treated with sulphonamides or antibiotics, whereas viral meningitis does not respond to treatment/drugs. In the latter condition, complete rest-in-bed, quiet and darkness is only treatment. This condition may be complicated by cerebrospinal fever, for which read the following information. Both the conditions are quite serious and must be treated in a hospital only and not at any other places nor by a non-medico or a laym...

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CEREBROSPINAL FEVER

It is also called Spotted fever and is a type of meningitis, caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitides. The bacteria are transmitted by sneezing and coughing. The disease occurs mostly in overcrowded areas and children are mainly the victims than the adults.After an incubation period of 3-5 days, symptoms develop and appear suddenly when there is fever, severe headache; stiffness in the neck’s muscle and rash of small red spots appears on the trunk. Quite often the ailment enters a chronic stage when blindness, deafness and mental deterioration of serious nature may develop. Treatment, if given in time, is possible with sulphonamide or penicillin drugs but otherwise death may occur. This disease should also be treated in a hospital under the care and supervision of qualified doctors and...

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WHOOPING COUGH (Pertussis)

Whooping cough is a well known disease that occurs, in most cases, during childhood. If a child has already been given DTP vaccine (which is given in a combined form), such an immunization will reduce the incidence and severity of attack and if the attack comes, its duration and severity/intensity would be far less. It is believed that an attack also usually confers immunity.Symptomatic Causes and progress of diseaseIt is contagious disease caused by the infection of mucus membranes by the bacterium Hemophilus pertussisIt primarily affects children, though older children or even adults could also be the victims.After an incubation period of 1-2 weeks, mild fever, cough, catarrh and loss of appetite develop and persist for 1-2 weeks.Cough becomes paroxysmal when short bouts of cough follow...

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MALARIA

It is claimed that malaria, like small pox, has also been eradicated but there are still confirmed and declared Malaria zones or belts in our country where recurrence of malaria still exists.Malaria infection is caused by presence of the parasite known as protozoa of the genus plasmodium transmitted into the red blood cells. Malaria disease is transmitted by the female mosquito called anopheles. Malaria is mainly confined to subtropical and tropical zone/areas.Parasites in the blood of an infected person are taken into the stomach of the mosquito as it feeds. Here they multiply and then invade the salivary glands.In order to ensure whether one is suffering from malaria or not, required blood test is called for. But if the patient is already loaded with quinine, the clinical investigation may...

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SOME MORE COMMON CHILDHOOD DISEASES

TONSILSTonsils may be enlarge normally. Parents believe that removal of tonsils is a magic cure for frequently occurring cough, cold etc. besides surgery, homeopathic treatment can be considered.ASTHMAIt is a chronic recurrent disorder with negative psychological consequences on the parents and child. The treatment is to inhale bronchodilators (rather than oral) and steroids.CONVULSIONSFebrile Convulsion is benign and the child outgrows them 5 years of age. These fits have no ill effects on the longer term development of the child. Recurrent convulsions are termed Epilepsy. Fortunately, excellent anticonvulsants are available to control epilepsy. They are given lead as normal a life as possible.HERNIAThe only treatment is surgery. There is no medical cure. Wearing belts in order to keep the...

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RESPIRATORY INFECTION AND DIARRHEA

Hygiene of body, food items should be proper and if it is the case of a child, this should be best. A little exposure to harmful bacteria may lead to several disorders and complications.DIARRHEA IN CHILDRENDiarrhea in children can be fatal due to loss of water and salts from the body via stools. The risk is more in young children as their body is small, thus the loss is very fast and becomes life threatening.Diarrhea as such leaves the children not merely dehydrated but also malnourished. It makes her more prone to other disease.Thus, it is important that every child gets very good care during episodes of diarrhea.The focus of care is essentially on two things· Prevent dehydration and replace lost fluids and salts at the earliest.· Maintain good nutrition for the chi...

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diarrhea

As soon as the child starts having loose motions, don’t wait for anything. Immediately start giving some home available fluids like pulses water, rice water, coconut water, light tea, lemon-sugar water. You can also fetch a packet of Oral dehydration Salts (ORS) from the nearest health facility. Follows the instruction given on the packet to make it. Generally, one packet is to be dissolved in one liter of safe drinking water.This advice must be sought as soon as possible if the child has any one of the following symptoms.· Blood/mucus in stool· Child is having excessive vomiting· Child is not getting better with ORS· Child is not passing urineOnce a child recovers from diarrhea, give her/him extra food for at least one week.Do remember that most of the diarrhea...

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ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION IN CHILDREN

It is important to take some precautions if your child gets an attack of ARI since there are a lot of children claims lives because of this disease.A child with common cold often becomes irritated and refuses the feeds. She/he often has fever, running nose, blocked nose. If these symptoms are noticed, it is advised to seek help of a doctor. Meanwhile, you can start giving steam inhalation to the child and apply some soothing balm on the forehead, chest and nose to alleviate headache and clear the blocked nose.For steam inhalation, boil 3-4 mugs of water in a bowl. Sit on a chair with the child on your lap. Put the bowl with steaming water on the floor and cover yourself with the child and bowl in a tent of a bed sheet. Sit there for about 10-15 minutes even if the child crises. Alternatively...

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CONSTIPATION AND ITS TREATMENT

Constipation is a condition in which the bowels are evacuated at a longer interval or with difficulty. What the right interval should be, is difficult to generalize since it varies from person to person. Some evacuate their bowels once, others twice a day, while there are others who seek this pleasure only once in 2 or 3 days and yet have sound health.Some may have constipation on account of the change of environment or emotional tension, but the normal rhythm returns after a few days, and should not be a source of worry. The most important cause of constipation are a disregard of the call to pass motion and an improper diet. When the rectum is full, it sends signals to the intestine through the central nervous system for their movement and if this is repeatedly ignored, it gradually leads...

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ABDOMINAL PAIN AND ITS TREATMENT

Abdominal pain, one of the most frequently occurring symptom, may originate from any organ in the abdomen, like the stomach, intestine, appendix, gall bladder, pancreas and kidneys. There are number of causes for this and therefore, any patient of abdominal pain of recent onset requires early and through evaluation for accurate diagnosis. However, the commonest source of abdominal pain in the region of stomach and intestine is the gastrointestinal tract which consists of the stomach and intestines because it deals with outside materials, i.e. the food and drinks that we take.Various household remedies like massage, hot water fomentation, churan, ajwain, jalijeera, and sometimes even purgative are tried, but their success is usually limited for the abdominal pain. Therefore patients takes one...

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STOMACH-ACHE AND GAS WITH TREATMENT PLAN

The distress or stomach-ache after eating is actually classified in two ways:Distress appearing immediately after eating (postprandial distress): symptoms arise half an hour after a meal, such as abdominal bloating, distension, fullness or pressure.Intestinal distress: Here symptoms usually start half an hour after eating and continue for several hours depending up on person to person. They may involve the stomach, small or large intestine with additional symptoms such as abdominal pain and cramp and/or anal flatus.Excess gas in the stomach and intestine is quite distressing and it is due to the disordered intestinal movements which delays the passage of gas through the bowel. Drugs might provide a symptomatic relief in the following ways.The active ingredients may lower the surface tension...

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GENERAL CAUTION ON ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES

Complete course of preventive vaccination and the not skip over or delay.Never give any medicine on empty stomach or soon after feeding nor disturb a child when he is asleep or continue to weep.Best way to give medicine orally to a little child is by dropper fill the dropper from the spoon. Pick your baby up and lean her back slightly on your arm. Support her head and hold her free arm, so she cant swipe at the dropper.Never exceed the stated and recommended dose nor give an adult dose to a child. Give only paediatric preparations.Stop use of medicine when the child had fully recovered but some medicines are to be given for a specific period. Hence do not cut short the treatment mid-way.Give medicines either dissolved in water or with some palatable vehicle but avoid giving tablets straightaway...

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TOILET TRAINING FOR YOUR CHILD

Forcing stubborn children to use the toilet is an utter waste of time. This is one area where they alone have complete control and if you are to succeed; only cunning will suffice. It is pointless for, example, to start urine training until the child is sensible enough to realize when she’s wet. Padded diapers like Huggies or pampers do help when you are visiting or away from home, but constant dampness accompanied by chill leads to rashes.Once children know when they are wet, most will train themselves and need no more than gentle encouragement.Bowel training is rarely worth considering before 18 months and 2 years is about the right age. Disregard all those boring people who claim that their child was fully trained at 12 months. As mentioned before. This particular achievement is a result...

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FEEDING YOUR CHILD

Small children are on the whole no admirers of five star cookery, so it’s unwise to be too ambitious in your cooking projects. You could very well find that your hours of slaving away in the kitchen will be greeted by little more than a loud “Yuk” and no amount of hassling or aeroplane noise will get the food down the throat.Here is some choice feeding tidbits from our toddler taming technique which should make gastronomic life simpler:The concept of a varied mixed diet is lot on most young children. Neither they nor their stomach, mind a bit of nourishing monotony.Food is there to be enjoyed, do not use to feed some parental obsession. Good health is not measured by the enormity of intake, it is seen as energy and a mischievous zest for life.Children tastes are different from adults. There...

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